Tools and Techniques
Class 11 · Biotechnology
4 ideas in Class 11 Biotechnology, explained in plain words, with games and quizzes to practise.
Seeing Small
Part of: See and Separate
Hooke 1665 named cells from cork and 1838 theory followed, total power multiplies objective by eyepiece with student sets of 10 and 15 times eyepieces and 4 10 40 and 100 times objectives, bright field stains while dark field glows against black and phase reads density, and electron beams 100000 times shorter feed TEM sections versus SEM gold surfaces plus confocal sharpness.
Why it matters. Power math plus beam path answers scope questions.
Formulas
- M = f/(f-d)
- Total power = Mo times Me
Key words
- Magnification
- : Retinal size increase ratio.
- Resolving power
- : Close-point separation ability.
- Fluorophore
- : Glow-after-light dye.
- TEM
- : Pass-through electron scope.
- SEM
- : Surface-scan electron scope.
Try it in two minutes
- Multiply the lenses.
- Trace the beam.
- Name the stain.
Try at home. Compute three lens combos.
Spin and Sort
Part of: See and Separate
Spin sorts by density with pellets at tube bottoms and ultra above 100000 g while gradients layer similar sizes, 1807 charge-to-mass migration sends DNA to the positive end at 80 to 120 volts with EtBr glowing under UV yet needing careful handling, and SDS PAGE runs loose 4 to 8 percent for big pieces versus hard 12 to 20 percent for small with bromophenol blue ahead and Coomassie blue bands.
Why it matters. Direction plus gel firmness answers separation questions.
Key words
- Pellet
- : Settled bottom material.
- Ultracentrifugation
- : Extreme-speed spinning.
- Anode
- : Positive charge pole.
- EtBr
- : Glowing DNA stain.
- Tracking dye
- : Run-progress marker.
Try it in two minutes
- Spin densest down.
- Run DNA positive.
- Match gel to size.
Try at home. Order three spins by speed.
Measure Molecules
Part of: Detect and Identify
ELISA 1971 quantifies antigen-antibody colour with direct speed indirect sensitivity sandwich specificity and competitive inverse logic, chromatography splits mobile versus stationary flows into adsorption partition ion gel affinity HPLC and gas kinds with peaks called chromatograms, spectra identify via absorbance math, and FISH paints gene spots with glowing probes.
Why it matters. Type-to-trait plus peak reading answers detection questions.
Formulas
- A = e l c
- T = I/I0
- A = -log(T)
Key words
- Epitope
- : Antibody-grip spot.
- Chromatogram
- : Peak emergence pattern.
- Mobile phase
- : Flowing carrier fluid.
- Stationary phase
- : Fixed packing bed.
- Probe
- : Glowing gene finder.
Try it in two minutes
- Pick ELISA type.
- Read the peaks.
- Light the gene.
Try at home. Name seven column kinds.
Reading Genes
Part of: Detect and Identify
Sanger won 1958 for insulin and 1980 for sequencing then read phage PhiX174 in 1977 by ddNTP chain stops across four tubes read bottom-up, Maxam-Gilbert cut chemically instead, auto readers dye four bases green blue black red and shrink a year into hours at half cost, NGS runs millions of parallel reads, and microarray probes with Cy3 Cy5 green-up red-down plus laser flow counting close the loop.
Why it matters. Stop rule plus dye order plus chip steps answer reading questions.
Key words
- ddNTP
- : Chain-stopping base.
- NGS
- : Parallel mass sequencing.
- Probe
- : Chip-spotted gene bit.
- Upregulated
- : Expression turned high.
- Flow cytometry
- : One-by-one cell counting.
Try it in two minutes
- Stop the chain.
- Dye four bases.
- Chip the genes.
Try at home. List four microarray steps.
What your child will practise
- Measure Molecules: Ocean Puzzle (Clue Puzzle)
- Measure Molecules: Ocean Quick Fire (Quick Fire)
- Reading Genes: Jungle Puzzle (Clue Puzzle)
- Seeing Small: Space Quest (Flip and Match)
- Spin and Sort: Desert Quick Fire (Quick Fire)
- Quiz: Measure Molecules (8 questions)
- Quiz: Reading Genes (8 questions)
- Quiz: Seeing Small (8 questions)
- Quiz: Spin and Sort (8 questions)